Alzheimer Disease problem

Alzheimer'sDisease

Bismillahirahmanirahim , Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder and irreversible that slowly destroys memory (memory) and the ability to think, and ultimately impair the ability to carry out simple tasks everyday. In most people with Alzheimer's disease, the first symptoms appeared in the mid-60s.

Alzheimer's is a disease which is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Dementia is a loss of cognitive function; thinking, remembering, and reasoning and the ability to behave in such a way that interfere with a person's life or daily activities. Dementia appears in various stages; ranging from mild, when only slightly impaired brain function and has just started, can lead to the most severe stage, when a person can no longer self-sufficient and must rely entirely on others for simple daily activities.

History of Alzheimer.

Alzheimer's disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer see changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an unusual mental illness. Her symptoms include memory loss, language problems, and unpredictable behaviour. After he died, Dr. Alzheimer examine his brain and found many abnormal clumps (now called amyloid plaques) and tangled bundles of fibres (now called neurofibrillary, or tau, tangles). Plaques and tau in the brain is still regarded as a major sign of Alzheimer's disease. Another sign is the loss of connections between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. We know that neurons transmit messages between neurons with each other in our brain, and distribute the signal from the brain to the muscles and organs of the body, it does not run smoothly on Alzheimer's disease.

Recognize the symptoms of Alzheimer

Impaired memory is one of the first signs of cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease. In general, people who have mild memory disorder known as mild cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). At MCI, the person has memory problems more severe than normal according to the standard of his age, but symptoms are not to interfere with daily life. Parents with MCI are at greater risk for developing Alzheimer's. If this happens, Alzheimer's disease memory disturbance would disrupt daily life. The first symptoms of Alzheimer's disease varies from person to person. For most people, the initial symptoms can include memory lost, but others that first appeared precisely the aspect of non-memory, such as a problem with the pronunciation of words, vision / spatial issues, and impaired reasoning or judgment.

  

What is the difference with ordinary forgotten?

Become a normal thing if someone occasionally forget about something. The more we age, the more decreases a person's ability to remember words or names, or forget to put something. Occasionally forget not necessarily indicate dementia or Alzheimer's, Or senile dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease will show an unnatural forget, like do not recognize the face or the previous name is familiar, difficulty performing common tasks (such as using the telephone or the way home), or not being able to remember information just given.

What is the Cause ?

The cause of Alzheimer Scientists do not yet fully understand what causes Alzheimer's disease in most people. Alzheimer's disease that strikes young people, usually caused by genetic mutations. While Alzheimer's in the elderly in general arise from a series of complex brain changes that occur over several decades. The cause of Alzheimer's is a combination of genetic, environmental factors, and lifestyle. Although the cause is not fully understood, but the effect on the brain clearly visible. In Alzheimer damage or even killing brain cells.

Brain affected by Alzheimer's disease has a number of nerve cells are less and the relationship between nerve cells are also less, even cells surviving less than a healthy brain. This condition causes the brain size is shrinking and of course its function also decreased significantly.

How to diagnoses ?

Doctors use several methods and special tools to help determine whether someone is experiencing memory problems were suffering from "dementia is Alzheimer's" or dementia may be due to other diseases.

To diagnose Alzheimer's, doctors can do the following:

·         Requesting information from a family member or someone at home about overall health, past medical problems, the patient's ability to carry out daily activities, changes in behavior and personality.

·         Behavioral tests of memory, problem solving, attention, counting, and language .

·         Conducting medical tests standards, such as blood and urine tests, to identify other possible causes Doing a scan of the brain, such as computed tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET), to rule out other possible causes.

·         Various types of these checks will be repeated to give doctors information about how a person's memory and other cognitive functions change from time to time.

Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's is a complex issue, and it is impossible to just use one drug or intervention can successfully treat it. The current approach focuses on helping patients maintain mental function, managing behavioral symptoms, and slow or delay symptoms of the disease. The researchers hope to develop therapies that target the mechanisms of genetic, molecular, cellular and specific so that the actual cause of the disease can be stopped or prevented.

Several types of Alzheimer's drugs that are often used include: Cholinesterase inhibitors and Memantine, besides that it is necessary also the management of the environment, physical exercise, and nutritional aspects. Wallahuaklam.

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Bisa Semut Charlie

Bahaya semut Charlie kepada Manusia

Bismillahirahmanirahim , Sejak 2 tiga hari ni kecoh di surat khabar dan media social berkaitan semut Charlie ini , tapi tahukah anda bahawa serangga yang dikenali semut Charlie ini bukan lah dari spesis semut tetapi ianya merupakan spesis kumbang .

Nama Am: Kumbang Rove  ( Nama Sebenar)
Nama Saintifik : Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Nama Tempatan: Semut Semai, Semut Kayap, semut Charlie –sebab seakan akan seperti semut
Spesies: Dianggarkan sekitar 47 000 Spesies diatas muka bumi ini
Habitat: Sawah padi dan padang sekolah dan kawasan rumput

Anatomi dan Metafora

Kumbang ini Mempunyai saiz kurang daripada 1 cm panjang. Badannya berwarna kuning kemerahan gelap manakala bahagian atas, bawah abdomen dan kepala berwarna gelap atau kehitaman. Bahagian tengah abdomen yang berwarna hijau tua mempunyai sepasang sayap keras dikenali sebagai "elitron". Di bawah sayap keras ini terdapat sepasang sayap lutsinar yang dilipat kemas. Selalunya, kumbang ini kelihatan merangkak dengan pantas di kawasan sekeliling dengan menyembunyikan sayapnya dan sekali pandang ia lebih menyerupai semut. Apabila diganggu kumbang ini akan menaikan bahagian abdomen supaya kelihatan seperti kalajengking untuk menakutkan musuh. Cara ini selalunya dilakukan bagi mempertahankan diri dari di ancam.

Habitat dan Tabiat Makanan

 Selalunya Kumbang ini boleh ditemui di kawasan sawah padi, padang sekolah - antara rumput dan juga sema. Kumbang Rove merupakan serangga karnivor dan memakan lain-lain serangga yang lebih kecil. Selalunya Ia merupakan serangga yang memainkan peranan penting dalam kawalan biology untuk mengawal serangga perosak padi. Semasa hujan lebat atau banjir , kumbang ini akan berhijrah ke kawasan yang lebih kering dan lebih mudah dijumpai.

Bahaya kepada Manusia

Sejenis Cecair toksin yang dikenali Cecair hemolimf yang terdapat di dalam badan (kecuali sayap) kumbang ini mengandungi racun atau toksin yang paling berbisa di dunia. Toksin ini dikenali sebagai 'pederin' C24 H43 O9 N dan telah dinamakan dalam tahun 1953. Dalam Kajian kimia , Ia mempunyai tahap keracunan 12 kali lebih tinggi daripada venom ular tedung. Apa yang paling ditakuti ,Kumbang rove yang telah dikeringkan dan disimpan selama 8 tahun masih lagi mempunyai ketoksinannya Oleh itu bergerak atau tidur atau mengosok dengan jari yang dicemari dengan toksin ini akan menyebabkan konjunktivitis dan penyakit kulit yang teruk yang dikenali sebagai 'dermatitis linearis', 'paederus (kumbang rove/staphylinidae) dermatitis', 'whiplash dermatitis' disebabkan terkena kepada tubuh badan manusia . Jika tidak silap saya dalam berita , Pada September 2002, wabak dermatitis linearis yang disebabkan oleh kumbang rove telah menjangkiti beribu-ribu orang penghuni dirumah pangsa dan asrama pelajar di Pulau Pinang. Sehingga menimbulkan rasa takut kepada masyarakat setempat.

Antara Nasihat dan langkah bagi mengatasi Kepada Punduduk Yg berisiko dengan habitat ini .

Untuk pengetahuan anda semua , setiap jenis serangga amat gemar pada haba yang dihasilkan daripada lampu ,Oleh itu kerana kumbang ini tertarik kepada cahaya pada waktu malam, tutup atau kurangkan penggunaan lampu di luar rumah dan pastikan tutup semua pintu/ tingkap semasa epidemik kumbang tersebut. Gunakan jaringan nyamuk yang halus, semburan aerosol serangga, perangkap berpelekat dan sebagainya. Pekara yang paling penting ialah Jangan duduk berhampiran dengan cahaya/ lampu, jangan memukul kumbang yang terdapat pada badan, cuma hembus/ tiup untuk menghindarinya. Jika tersentuh dengan kumbang ini, basuh segera kawasan yang bersentuhan dengan sabun dan air.

Sesiapa yang mengalami alahan kulit yang teruk mestilah mendapat rawatan perubatan dengan kadar segera kerana ianya boleh menimbulkan alahan yang boleh mengancam nyawa.

Wallahuaklam.

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How to put on weight faster

The Natural Ways to fatten the body .

Bismillahirahmanirahim , for today I like to share the easiest way and natural way on how to increase your weight , if you are too thin .Pretty much the feeling that he was emaciated that want to improve the appearance by adding weight quickly. Various "how to fatten the body" may have been done, some of which may be successful but if until now that you do not produce results as expected, then there must be something wrong.

Too Fatten the body is not easy, there are many factors that affect a person's weight, such as diet, type of food, physical activity, rest patterns, or perhaps certain medical conditions. However, whatever it all must be a solution, and soon you'll know how to fatten the body quickly and securely, without the use of drugs too increase your weight immediately.

Do you really skinny and should fatten the body?

This is an important question you need answered before applying any way to fatten the body, however health is primary. Why obese if the risk of disease, and conversely why maintain a thin body if it is not healthy for the body. Healthy weight further referred to as the ideal weight, to know this is the formula used body mass index (BMI) = weight (kg) divided by the square of height in meters (m). Known ideal weight if the number of calculations a number between 18.5 - 25. This means that BMI below 18.5 is very thin so it takes methods or ways to fatten the body, whereas a BMI over 25 is considered overweight and over 30 is considered obese so should lose weight. How much easier to calculate BMI, use the calculator ideal weight. Are answered yes, when you do need to gain weight, then follow the steps below.

Quick ways to fatten the body without Side Effects

Eat Plenty

 The most important thing you can do in order to gain weight is to eat more calories than the body needs. Surplus calories (calories in> calories out) is necessary. Without it, you will not get fat. When the body has to use calories to do activities and carry out their normal functions, the first used the energy derived from food, if the amount is sufficient or even exceed the requirements, and then the rest of the energy will be stored in the body such as the liver, muscles, and accumulate in fatty tissue. That is why people who eat will fat. It is not easy to calculate how many calories needs and calculate calories for each meal, every kind of food will have a diverse number of calories, and the main source of calories came from foods high in carbohydrate, protein and fat. It can also be circumvented by adding a portion of the meal you normally eat.

Notice Type of Food

How to fatten the body cannot be separated from eating foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Protein is needed to build the body, especially cells, in this context we take the example of muscle, muscle-forming body constructed by protein. Perhaps you've heard of a bodybuilder who has a large muscle mass and muscular always require an adequate food intake, he should eat protein foods like eggs so much per day.

if you try to fatten the body, then consume 1.5 to 2.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight you are today. Foods high in protein include meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, nuts, and others. Protein supplements such as whey protein can also be useful. Many people try to limit foods rich in carbohydrates or fats when they are trying to lose weight. Then do the opposite if you want fat fast. However, it should be combined with other foods that are also rich in protein and choose the source of healthy fats. Not from food products processed or fried in oil that was used many times.

Set Eating Schedule

 How come you could possibly fat, if rarely eat, eat that much should be balanced with regular eating schedule. Three large meals and two snacks; breakfast - snacks - lunch - snacks – dinner. Do not underestimate the breakfast, this is like the king, the best food to be consumed at breakfast, because the breakfast that is the primary fuel source before you do an activity on that day, if this is not done then the body will use the energy reserves in the body, meaning that if this happens it will be the shrinking of your weight. Dinner is also important, choose foods high in calories and protein and arrange more evening dining hours or more precisely close to bedtime that is 1-2 hours before bedtime. The goal is that the food consumed is really stored in the body into a mass of muscle and fat tissue resulting in faster fat

trick or how to fatten the body like this (meal before bed) is only recommended for adolescents and age under 30 years old.

Besides the goal to fatten the body, eating regularly is also important to maintain a healthy body, especially those of the digestive organs. If you eat often late can be susceptible to ulcers, heartburn when it's usually not fond of eating, and the program could fail fatten the body instantly.

Chew Properly

Consider the way you chew this time. If not correct, fix soon. Chewing food is right it should be up completely new smooth swallow. Foods that have been fine (chewed properly) will be more easily digested and absorbed by the body. Thus the body will be optimized to absorb the juices of the food and you also get faster fat

Much Drinking Water

Perhaps many do not know how to fatten the body of this one. Did you know that water serves as a facilitator, mediator, and the transition to nutrients circulating in the human body. With enough water consumed, then the smooth blood to circulate in nutrients that the body needs so that these nutrients will be more quickly absorbed and the results will be quick body fat. And of course this way will nourish the kidneys as well. This step is very easy, in our country it is very easy to get clean water, consume at least eight glasses of water per day or a two litter. If you have enough drinking water, it will be marked with colored urine is clear, if still cloudy or yellowish urine means you need to drink more.

Enough sleep

 is not good for health Besides, too often stay up too late at night or sleeping it also can inhibit weight gain. You should delay your work at night, save for execution tomorrow morning or afternoon. Be smart set daily schedule better so there is time to sleep early. Enough sleep, sleep soundly at night for 6-8 hours each night. When all the nutrients are met, then the body takes a break to absorb the nutrients that can be absorbed well and quickly formed a body. This can be accomplished with enough sleep, so your weight will increase rapidly. You should avoid staying up late, because staying up will make your metabolism and make the body stable not so skinny.

Exercising

Why fat fast but unhealthy - Exercise is included in the program to lose weight, but this could be a program to raise a healthy weight by origin offset by eating a lot. To form muscle mass, then do exercise weights, to fatten the body evenly do light exercise such as walking in the morning and evening, gymnastics, cycling and other minor sports. Avoid cardio exercise such as running, as this will make you lose weight

Cause Failure In Fattening Program Steps

 Above are all our efforts to increase the weight, but if you've done it a couple weeks but no weight gain, it is suspected there was something wrong. Maybe there are certain medical conditions in your body that cause you hard fat. If so, then should consult a doctor. As for some of the health problems that causes a thin body, among others:

·         Eating disorders: These include anorexia nervosa, serious mental disorders.

·         Thyroid problems: Having an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) may increase metabolism and lead to weight loss is not healthy.

·          Celiac Disease: The most severe form of gluten intolerance. Most people with celiac disease do not know they have it.

·         Diabetes: Have uncontrolled diabetes (especially type 1) can cause severe weight loss.

·          Cancer: tumor and cancer often burn large amounts of calories and can cause a person to lose a lot of weight.

·         Infections: Certain infections can cause a person to become very thin.

·         These include parasites, tuberculosis and HIV / AIDS.

So If you want to succeed in running tips or how to fatten the body as above, then the medical condition such as this must be addressed first. A few may be useful. I hope this Tips can help you to understand on how to gain your weight in safest and smart way without threaten your healthy life..wallahuaklam.

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Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE) problems

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus  (SLE)

Bismillahirahmanirahim, for today there is some sharing i want to give all of reader to read and know a one of the autoimmune disease that can be threatening in your life , its called SLE.

What is SLE?

·        Autoimmune disease

·        Characterised by inflammation of various tissues and organs in the body

Breaking it Down

·        Lupus: means wolf, refer to lesions of the skin that looks like its been attacked by a wolf

·        Erythematosus: redness of the skin caused by inflammation

·        Systemic: can affect tissues and organs right throughout the body

·        Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

What happens in the body?

·        Body’s immune system produces antibodies against itself

·        Abnormalities in apoptosis (programmed cell death)

·        T and B cells become overactive and attack self-antigens

·        Inflammatory and autoimmune response activated.

Signs and Symptoms

·        Common symptoms:

Ø Non-specific fatigue

Ø Rashes

Ø Fever

Ø Joint pain

Ø Weight changes

Dermatological Changes

·        65% of SLE patients develop skin rashes

·        Commonly on the face, neck, upper chest and elbows

·        Butterfly-like patchy redness appearance (Malar butterfly rash)

·        Can be made worse with exposure to the sun

Malar Rash ( Butterfly Rash)

Musculoskeletal Problems

·        90% of SLE patients have joint pain

·        May develop joint deformity (~10%)

·        Most commonly affects:

Ø Fingers

Ø Hands

Ø Wrists

Ø Knee

Lymph Node and Spleen Problems

·        Inflammation or enlargement of lymph nodes are quite common

·        Splenomegaly occurs in 10% of SLE patients

·        Symptoms:

Ø Nausea

Ø Diarrhoea

Ø Vague abdominal discomfort

Nervous System Problems

·        Signs and Symptoms:

Ø Headaches

Ø Personality changes

Ø Confusion

Ø Stroke

Ø Epilepsy

Ø Psychoses

Ø Dementia

Ø Peripheral neurological symptoms – e.g. Weakness and change in sensation

Gastrointestinal Tract Problems

·        Liver, pancreas or GIT can be involved.

·        Signs and Symptoms:

Ø Abdominal pain

Ø Nausea

Ø Indigestion

Renal Problems

·        Kidney is the most commonly affected viseceral organ

·        50% of SLE patients develop renal disease

·        Symptoms related to fluid overload

·        Kidney transplant may be required

Haematological Problems

·        Anaemia in up to 50% of cases

·        RBC, WBC and platelets may decrease

·        Difficulty in blood clotting

Ø Bleeding/harmorrhages may occur

Respiratory problems

·        Pleurisy is very common

·        Occasionally a pleural effusion is present

·        Other lung conditions:

Ø PE (Pulmonary Edema)

Ø Chronic interstitial lung disease

Ø Chest infections

Ø Alveolar haemorrahge

Ø Symptoms:

Ø Pleuritic chest pain

Ø Dyspneoa

Ø Haemoptysis

Jonsson et al 1989

·        Studied the lung function in patients with SLE and persistent chest symptoms

·        Dyspnoea and Thoracic chest pain

·        They found that lung function was preserved despite the chronic chest symptoms

Cardiovascular Problems

·        Pericarditis is the most common cardiac manifestation of SLE

·        Other conditions:

Ø Coronary artery vasculities

Ø Myocarditis

·        Symptoms:

Ø Chest pain

Ø Angina

Ø Fatigue

Diagnosis

·        Based on individual’s symptoms and findings

·        Blood tests and urine tests may be performed

·        Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test

·        Anti-DNA test

·        Antiphospholipid antibody test

·        Other blood tests: to check levels of complement proteins in blood, RBC and WBC count, platelet counts etc.

Characteristics of Lupus

American Rheumatism Association established 11 criterias and 4 have to be met for SLE:

·        Butterfly-shaped like rash on face

·        Typical rash on other parts of body

·        Increased sensitivity to sunlight

·        Mucous membrane ulcers

·        Joint inflammaation

·        Serositis

·        Kidney dysfunction

·        Low WBC count, low RBC count or low platelet count

·        Nerve or brain dysfunction

·        Immunologic disorder

·        Antinuclear antibodies in the blood

Aetiology

·        Unknown

·        Popular hypothesis: Viral infection

·        Other causes:

Ø Genetics

Ø Hormonal factors

Ø Ultraviolet light

Ø Medications

Ø Pregnancy

Ø Environmental factors

Incidence and Prevalence

·        90% of lupus patients are women

·        Prevalence highest among women aged 14-64 years

·        In the United States:

Ø 1.4 million people affected

Ø 1/2000 in US has SLE

Ø 1 in 250 young, African-American women

·        In Australia

Ø 1 in 700 Australians affected

Ø Over 17000 people has SLE

Prognosis

·        No cure

·        Flare ups and remissions

·        97% of patients live >5years after diagnosis

·        90% of patients live >10 years after diagnosis

·        Patients with mild SLE can live a relatively normal life span

·        Life expectancy varies for severe SLE patients

·        Common cause of death:

Ø Kidney failure

Ø Central nervous system dysfunction

Ø Infections

Ø Cardiovascular disease

Treatment

·        Aimed at reducing inflammation and controlling abnormalities in the immune system

·        Address sleep quality, lack of exercise and self-care strategies

·        Avoid excessive sun exposure

·        Medications:

Ø NSAIDS

Ø Anti-malarial drugs

Ø Corticosteroids

Ø Immunosuppressants

NSAIDS

·        Used for pain relief

·        Suppress inflammation

·        Relieves fevers, headaches, muscle aches, malaise and arthritis

·        Side-effect:

·        High GIT toxicity

·        Stomach irritation

·        Stomach ulcers

·        Alternative/newer medication: COX-2 inhibitors

Anti-malarial drugs

·        Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine

·        Helps with skin rashes, fatigue, mouth ulcers and hair loss

·        May also decrease joint swelling and aching

·        Side-effect:

Ø Nausea

Corticosteroids

·        Example: Prednisone

·        Used to reduce inflammation and controlling disease activity of lupus

·        Used for moderate to severe lupus

·        Side effects:

Ø Osteoporosis

Ø Heart palpitations

Ø Tachycardia

Ø Hypertension

Ø Weight gain

Ø Diabetes

Ø Sleeplessness

Immunosuppressants

·        Example: Methotrexate, Cyclophosphamide and azathioprine

·        Used to suppress the body’s over-active immune system

·        For more severe manifestations of SLE

·        Side effects:

Ø Depress blood-cell counts

Ø Cause anaemia

Ø Increase rick of infections

Ø Increase risk of bleeding

Advice for patients living with Lupus

·        Encourage the patient to exercise

·        Advise the patient to get plenty of rest and to take a rest if they feel fatigued

·        Advise patient to avoid excessive exposure to the sun.

·        Avoid contact with people who have an infection

Systematic Review by Neill et al 2006

·        Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for fatigue in adults with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus.

·        The review suggest that aerobic exercise whether home-based or supervised classes, is an effective non-pharmacological means of managing fatigue for people with SLE.

·        Low-impact aerobics, walking, cycling and jogging were effective interventions.

Relevance to physiotherapy

1.     Knowing what SLE is

2.     How it would affect your treatment

3.     Encourage patient to exercise to improve aerobic capacity (Celeste Robb-Nicholson et al 1989)

4.     Understand the effects of longstanding medications SLE patients have been on

Wallahuaklam..

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